項目
国際連合安全保障理事会非常任理事国
non-permanent members of the United Nations Security Council
国際連合の安全保障理事会を構成する常任理事国以外の理事国
項目
non-permanent members of the United Nations Security Council
国際連合の安全保障理事会を構成する常任理事国以外の理事国
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国際連合の安全保障理事会を構成する常任理事国以外の理事国
The United Nations Security Council is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, and is the United Nations' executive branch, having primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. Its powers, outlined in the UN Charter, include establishing peacekeeping operations, authorizing military action, and imposing international sanctions. Under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, the council may identify threats to international peace, determine breaches of that peace, and authorize responses up to and including the use of force. It is the only UN body with the authority to adopt binding international law by issuing resolutions binding on all member states. The council also recommends the admission of new member states to the UN General Assembly, and approves changes to the Charter. It is led by the president of the Security Council, who chairs its meetings and rotates between the current members on a monthly basis and the United Nations secretary-general who acts as its executive officer overseeing the implementation of its decisions and mandates. The United Nations secretary-general is empowered by the UN Charter to "bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security".
The Security Council consists of 15 members: five permanent members – Russia, China, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France – and ten non-permanent members elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms. The five permanent members, who were the great powers among the Allies of World War II or their recognized successor states, each hold veto power over substantive resolutions, enabling any one of them to block adoption of a draft resolution regardless of the level of support among other members. This veto right does not carry over into General Assembly matters or votes, which are non-binding. The presidency rotates monthly among all fifteen members in English alphabetical order.
Created in 1945 after World War II to succeed the League of Nations in maintaining international order, the council held its first session on 17 January 1946 at Church House, Westminster, in London. During the Cold War, it was largely paralyzed by rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, though it authorized interventions in the Korean War and the Congo Crisis and deployed peacekeepers to Cyprus and the Sinai Peninsula. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, peacekeeping expanded dramatically: the council authorized major operations in Kuwait, Namibia, Cambodia, Bosnia, and Somalia, among others. In the 2020s, the council has faced renewed paralysis, with repeated vetoes by Russia over the war in Ukraine and by the United States over the war in Gaza, prompting fresh calls for structural reform.
In the century prior to the United Nations' creation, several international treaty organisations and conferences had been formed to regulate conflicts between nations, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. Following the catastrophic loss of life in World War I, the Paris Peace Conference established the League of Nations to maintain harmony between nations. The League successfully resolved some territorial disputes and created international structures for postal mail, aviation, and opium control, some of which were later absorbed into the UN. However, it lacked representation for colonial peoples – then half the world's population – and significant participation from several major powers, including the United States, the USSR, Germany, and Japan. It failed to act against the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria, the Second Italo-Ethiopian War in 1935, the 1937 Japanese occupation of China, and Nazi expansions under Adolf Hitler that escalated into World War II.
出典: United Nations Security Council (CC BY-SA)
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Resolutions of the Security Council are enforced in part through UN peacekeeping missions, comprising military, police, and civilian personnel voluntarily provided by member states. As of December 2024, there were 11 active peacekeeping missions with approximately 70,000 personnel from over 120 contributing countries, funded through an approved annual budget of approximately US$5.6 billion.
On New Year's Day 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Maxim Litvinov of the USSR, and T. V. Soong of the Republic of China signed a short document based on the Atlantic Charter and the London Declaration. The next day, representatives of 22 other nations added their signatures, and the document came to be known as the United Nations Declaration. By 1 March 1945, 21 additional states had signed. The four major Allied countries – the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China – were styled the "Four Powers" and became the foundation of the Security Council's executive structure.
Following the 1943 Moscow Conference and Tehran Conference, delegations from the Big Four met in mid-1944 at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington, D.C., to negotiate the UN's structure. The composition of the Security Council quickly became the dominant issue. France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States were selected as permanent members; the United States attempted to add Brazil as a sixth member but was opposed by the Soviet and British delegations. The most contentious question at Dumbarton Oaks and in successive talks was the veto rights of permanent members. The Soviet delegation argued that each permanent member should have an absolute veto that could block matters from even being discussed, whilst the British argued that nations should not be able to veto resolutions on disputes to which they were a party. At the Yalta Conference of February 1945, the US, UK, and Russian delegations agreed that each of the Big Five could veto any action by the council, but not procedural resolutions.