The school opened in 1962 as the Teddington Secondary School, a single-sex school, taking over the senior boys of Stanley Road School when it ceased to cater for the full age-range, as well as the boys from Twickenham Technical School. Pupils from the former St Mark's School in St Marks Road joined Teddington School in April 1963.
From the late 1960s to the mid-1980s it was called Teddington Boys' School, the name being changed to Teddington School on the admission of girls in 1985 for the first time.
In 2010 under a central government public works programme entitled Building Schools for the Future, the original mid-20th century design school buildings on the Broom Road site and its attached hardcourt sports fields of an athletics field, football pitch and tennis courts, were demolished, and a new school building and sports ground were constructed by the builder Mace Group Limited at a cost of £36 million. The new building was given a BREEAM "Excellent" utility rating and was opened on 13 May 2011 by Vince Cable, the Member of Parliament for Twickenham, who in a speech praised its "brilliant architectural design", and how its structure "explores new ways of learning, creating a learning village around a social square". Richard Weeks, the Headteacher of the school at the time, stated that the new building "created a new learning environment physically and culturally which is very much more appropriate to the needs of the 21st Century".